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InsideNativeAdvertisingPage1CriminalProcedureWaiversPage6BankruptcyStaysPendingAppealPage5QAMagistrateJudgeMcCormickPage15ReadingBetweentheLinesNavigatingtheNativeAdvertisingLandscapeIstheFederalTradeCommissionsguidancetoonlinecontentprovidersanyclearerthanthedis-tinctionbetweennativeadvertisingandeditorialcontentByPerryJ.ViscountyJenniferL.BarryDavidD.TroutmanandBrianKollatz1WhatisNativeAdvertisingEventhemostcasualofinternetusershasundoubtedlyencounteredinstancesofnativeadvertisingthattheymaynothaverecog-nizeditisexactlythepoint.Nativeadvertisingalsoknownassponsoredcontentormorecreativelymasquer-adsisaformofpaidonlineormobileadvertisingintendedtointegratepaidadver-tisementsseamlesslyintoaninternetusersonlineexperience.Simplyputitisadvertisingi.e.sponsoredcontentminglingwithorevenmasqueradingaseditoriali.e.non-sponsoredcontent.Forexampleavisitortoacontemporarynewsorganizationswebsitewillalmostcertainlyencounterlinkstosponsoredstoriestuckedbetweentheeditorialcontentgeneratedbythenewsorganizationsreporters.Similarlyacloseexaminationofsearchengineresultswilllikelyrevealsponsoredresultsaboveorbesidetheorganickeywordsearchresults.Thesearesimplytwocommonexamplesofaquicklygrowingnumberofcontextsinwhichonlineusersareen-counteringwhethertheyrealizeitornotnativeadvertising.Be-causethesuccessofnativeadvertisementsdependsatleastinpartontheseamlessintegrationoftheadsintotheonlineconsumersus-erexperiencethepracticeisinherentlyriskyfortheadvertiser.Af-terallfederallawprohibitsadvertisersfromdeceivingconsumers.contextisblurryatbest.Thisarticleaimsto1identifythegeneralContinuedonPage7TheNewsletteroftheFederalBarAssociationOrangeCountyChapterWinter2015 2FBAOCP.O.Box6130NewportBeachCA92658949608-9905FBAOCOfficersMattBellingerPresidentPantehaPaniAbdollahiPresident-ElectRomanE.DarmerTreasurerAmyLaurendeauSecretaryFBAOCDirectorsToOctober2015MichaelAdamsHon.RobertN.BlockHon.DavidO.CarterHon.ScottC.ClarksonMikeDeVriesCollieJamesKennethJulianMelissaMcCormickVanNguyenDavidOutwaterDavidSteinRickTachJeffreyThomasJenniferTrussoToOctober2016YasserEl-GamalKiaraGebhardtAlanGreenbergHon.AndrewJ.GuilfordJohnMarkJenningsJoeyLiuDeborahMallgraveHon.ArthurNakazatoKennethParkerLeoJ.PresiadoDanielRashtianHon.JamesV.SelnaPeterVillarPerryViscountyDenniseD.WillettDeanZipserMessageFromTheEditorsItisthattimeagainandwearedelightedtopresenttheWinter2014-2015issueoftheFed-eralBarAssociationOrangeCountynewslet-ter.InthisissueLathamWatkinsPerryJ.ViscountyJenniferL.BarryDavidD.TroutmanandBrianKollatzoffervaluableinsightforbusinesslawyersadvisingtheircli-entsonthepracticesandpitfallsofnativeadvertisingontheInternet.LocalpractitionerKennethM.MillerwarnsofthedangersofcertainwaiversincriminalpleaagreementsandKathleenJ.McCarthywritesano-nonsenseguideforlawyersseekingastaypendingtheappealofabankruptcycourtorder.FinallyCrowellMoringsSamrahMahmoudandBrentWestcottsitdowntodiscussperspectivesfromthebenchtothegolfcoursewithSantaAnasMagistrateJudgeDouglasF.McCormick.Wehopeyouwillenjoyreadingthesearticlesasmuchasweenjoyedpreparingthemforpublication.Ourgreatthankstotheauthorsfortheirhardwork.Wealwayswelcomenewsubmissions.Pleasecontactusifyouwouldliketosubmitanarticletothenewsletterforpub-lication.Welookforwardtoworkingwithyouinthecomingyear.______________________________MatthewK.WegnerRhiannaS.HughesMatthewK.WegnerEditor-in-ChiefBrownWegnerMcNamaraLLP2603MainStreetSuite1050IrvineCalifornia92614mwegnerbwmllp.com949705-0080FBAOCNEWSLETTERSUBMISSIONS 3MessageFromThePresidentByMattBellingerTheFBAOCiscommittedtomeetingtheneedsoffederalpracti-tionersinOrangeCountybysponsoringavarietyofeventsfocusedonissuesofinteresttothosehavingafederalpractice.TheseeventsalsohelpprovideabridgebetweenthemanyfederaljudgesinOr-angeCountyandtheattorneyswhopracticebeforethem.ImpleasedtoreportthattheFBAOChadanothersuccessfulyearin2014.TheyearbeganwithourthirdannualcharityruneventinFebruary.AnumberofourmembersrantheSurfCityHalf-MarathontohelpraisemoneytosupporttheprosewindowthatisoperatedattheSantaAnacourthousebythePublicLawCenter.Iwouldliketothankalloftheindividualslawfirmsandbusinesseswhomadedonationsinsupportofthisworthycause.AlsoinFebruarywehostedareceptionforMagistrateJudgeMcCormicktocelebratehisappointmenttothefederalbench.JudgeMcCormickwasselectedtoserveasamagistratejudgefortheCentralDistrictlastyear..InAprilweheldaSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionseminar.TheprogramfeaturedaninterestinginsidelookattheMarkCubansvictoryinasuitbroughtagainsthimbytheSEC.InMayweheldourannualcivilpracticeprogram.JudgeCarterandJudgeCarneyparticipatedinapaneldiscussionfocusingonpracticesandtipsfordispositivemotions.AlsoinMaywespon-soredourannualprobonolunchprogram.JudgesGuilfordandClarksonbothspokeaboutprobonoserviceandsomeoftheprobonoopportunitiesavailabletopractitionersintheCentralDistrict.JuneandJulyfeaturedourever-popularbenchandbarlunchpro-grams.AttheJuneprogramJudgeMcCormickgaveatalkentitledTalesfromtheJudicialCribinwhichhespokeaboutsomeofhisinterestingexperiencesasanewly-appointedmagistratejudge.InJulyJudgeStatonsharedsometrialtipsforpractitionersinanentertainingtalktitledDoYouSeeWhatISeeAViewofTrialsFromtheBench.InSeptemberweheldourannualintellectualpropertylawseminar.JudgesGuilfordandSelnaaswellasprivatepractitionerspartici-patedinpaneldiscussionsfocusingonrecentdecisionsoftheU.S.SupremeCourtrelevanttoIPlawandtheimpactofthosedecisionsondistrictcourtlitigation.ContinuedonPage4MattBellingerFBAOCPresident 4ContinuedfromPage3Octoberwasanotherbusymonth.Inmid-OctoberwesponsoredaprograminwhichDeanErwinChemerinskyofUCILawSchoolandProfessorRebeccaBrownofUSCLawSchoolpresentedapreviewofthe2014-2015SupremeCourtTerm.Inlate-OctoberweheldourannualJudgesNightprogram.ChiefJudgeKingspokeandprovidedanupdateoneventsintheCentralDistrict.Theprogramalsofeaturedthepremierofadocumen-taryvideopreparedbytheNinthCircuitHistoricalSocietyonthehistoryoftheRonaldReganFeder-alBuildingandU.S.CourthouseinSantaAna.ThevideowasfollowedbythepresentationoftheJudgeAlicemarieH.StotlerAwardinrecognitionofeveryoneinvolvedwiththeprocessthatledtotheconstructionofthecourthouse.WhileJudgeStotlerpassedawayearlierintheyearherlegacylivesoninsomanyways.TheFBAOCisproudthatoneofthosewaysisthroughtheStotlerAwardwhichfittinglyrecognizesdistinguishedservicetothelegalprofessionandoutstandingcontributionstotheCentralDistrict.OuryearconcludedwithtwomoreprogramsinNovemberandDecember.InNovemberweco-hostedwiththeOrangeCountyCriminalDefenseBarAssociationourannualCriminalPracticeSeminar.TheprogramfeaturedapaneldiscussionfocusingonthenutsandboltsofdealingwithBradyanddiscoveryissuesinfederalandstateprosecutions.InDecemberweco-hostedwiththeOrangeCountychapteroftheAssociationofBusi-nessTrialLawyersaswearing-inceremonyatwhichJudgeSelnaswore-inattorneystotheCen-tralDistrictbar.JudgeNakazatoalsospokeandledatoastinhonorofthosewhoweresworn-inthatevening.TheFBAOCwasabletoputontheseexcellentprogramsthroughouttheyearasaresultoftheef-fortsofahard-workingboardparticipationbyourlocalfederaljudgesseveralofwhomarealsoboardmembersandthesupportfromourmem-bership.Iwouldliketoextendaspecialthankyoutoourimmediate-pastpresidentKateCorriganforheryearsofserviceontheboardandthewon-derfuljobshedidleadingourchapterthisyear.ThankyoualsotoournewslettereditorMattWegnerandassistanteditorRhiannaHughesfortheireffortsthisyearonthenewsletter.Ilookforwardtoseeingyouatoneofthemanygreateventswehaveplannedin2015.IfyouarenotyetamemberoftheFBAOCIencourageyoutojoin.MembershipinformationcanbefoundontheFBAOCwebsiteatwww.fbaoc.com._________________________MattBellingerisapartnerintheOrangeCountyof-ficeofKnobbeMartensandisPresidentoftheFederalBarAssociationOrangeCountychapter. 5HowtoObtainaStayPendingtheAppealofaBankruptcyCourtOrderByKathleenJ.McCarthy1Thisarticleexplainstheproceduresandevi-denceneededtosuccessfullyobtainastaypendingappealofaBankruptcyCourtorder.IfyoudonotatleastseekastayyourappealofanunfavorableBankruptcyCourtorderwillberenderedmoot.2Obtainingastaypendingap-pealisnoteasyandmustoftenbedoneonanexpeditedbasis.ThePowertoIssueaStayIsExercisedbytheBankrupt-cyCourtintheFirstInstanceBankruptcyRule8005establishesthepowerofthecourttograntastaypendingappeal.Rule8005providesthataBankruptcyCourtmaysuspendorordercontinuationofotherproceedingsinthecaseundertheCodeormakeanyotherappropriateorderduringthepen-dencyofanappealonsuchtermsaswillprotecttherightsofallpartiesininterest.AmotionforstaypendingappealwillneedtobefiledfirstwiththeBankruptcyCourtinalmosteverycase.Rule8005providesthatamotionforstayofanorderpendingappealmustordinarilybepresentedtothebankruptcyjudgeinthefirstinstance.Rule8005providesthatamotionforastaypendingappealmaybemadetotheDistrictCourtortheBankruptcyAppellatePanelbutsuchadirectmotiontothereviewingcourtshallshowwhythereliefmodificationorterminationwasnotobtainedfromthebank-ruptcyjudge.BankruptcyRule8005emphasisadded.Theexpla-nationastowhythemotionforastaywasnotfirstbroughtbeforetheBankruptcyCourtmustbeagoodone.SimplystatingthatyoudidnotfirstfilethemotionforstaywiththeBankruptcyCourtbe-causeyouthoughttheBankruptcyJudgewoulddenyyourrequestisnotenough.Thefactsinsupportoftheexplanationmustalsobepresentedtothereviewingcourtthroughadmissibleevidencesuchasdeclarationsorrequestsforjudicialnotice.Whilethepowertoissueastayresideswiththeappellatecourtsitisusuallyexercisedbythetrialcourt.AppellatecourtsgenerallyshouldnotentertainrequestsforstayunlessitisdemonstratedthatContinuedonPage8NewsletterEditorsMatthewK.WegnerBrownWegnerMcNamaraRhiannaS.HughesPayneFears 6FBAOCUPCOMINGEVENTSPleasecheckwww.fbaoc.cominthecomingmonthsforde-tails.Rule410and11fWaiversHaveNoPlaceinCriminalPleaAgreementsByKennethM.Miller1FederalRuleofEvidence410Rule410andFederalRuleofCriminalProcedure11fRule11makepleanegotiationsandwith-drawnguiltypleasinadmissibleagainstasus-pectdefendantattrial.Theserulesexisttoen-couragefrankdiscussionsbetweenprosecu-torssuspectsdefendantsanddefensecounsel.NonethelessinUnitedStatesv.MezzanatotheSupremeCourtheldthattheseprotectionscanbewaived.MezzanatoaddressedpleaagreementsintheCooperationCon-textwhichiswherethesuspectdefendantpleadsguiltybutoffersevidenceagainstothersinanattempttoeliminateorlowerhisorherpunishment.TherearetwoothercontextshoweverinwhichRule410waiverscanarise1TheUnconsummated-PleaCon-textwhichiswherethedefendantsignsapleaagreementbutnev-eractuallypleadsguilty2TheWithdrawn-PleaContextwhichiswherethedefendantsignsapleaagreementpleadingguiltybutlaterwithdrawstheguiltypleaoptinginsteadtogototrial.Asdis-cussedinmoredetailbelowcourtshavevaryingopinionsonwhenandifpleascanbeenteredintoevidenceorusedforimpeachmentinthesecontexts.IntheUnconsummated-PleaandWithdrawn-PleacontextswaiversofRules410and11fhavenoplaceinpleaagreements.FederalcourtsshouldfindthatsuchwaiversarenotenforceableintheUnconsummated-PleaContextbecausethevoluntarinessofthepleaagreementhasnotbeensubjecttotherigorsofachange-of-pleahearingunderRule11.AdditionallywhileawithdrawnpleahasbeenthesubjectofaRule11hearingwhenadefendantisper-mittedtowithdrawaguiltypleaitisbecauseheorshehasarighttotrial.Thatrightischeapenedwhenthegovernmentcanuseawithdrawnpleaagreementtoobtainaconviction.BackgroundIn1927theSupremeCourtinUnitedStatesv.Kerchevelheldthatwithdrawnguiltypleaswereinadmissibleinfederalprosecutionsbecauseadmittingthemwouldessentiallynullifytherighttotrial.2ContinuedonPage9 7NativeAdvertisingContinuedfromPage1principlesthatwouldlikelybeappliedtodeterminewhichsideofthatlineaparticularnativeadvertisingschemewouldfallonand2providesomepracticepointersforthoseinterestedinbothengaginginna-tiveadvertisingandstayingonthelegalsideoftheline.NativeAdvertisingAndTheRiskOfConsumerDeceptionInherentinnativeadvertisingsgoalofseamlesslyintegratingsponsoredandnon-sponsoredcontentistheveryrealpotentialtoconfuseconsumersinvio-lationoftheFederalTradeCommissionFTCActsprohibitionagainstdeceptiveactsorpractic-esinoraffectingcommerce.2TheinherenttensionbetweennativeadvertisingsgoalandtheFTCActsprohibitionbegsthequestiontowhatdegreemustanonlineadvertisementbedifferentiatedfromedi-torialornon-sponsoredcontenttoavoidunlawfullydeceivingconsumersInotherwordshowclearlymustthetruenatureofanativeadvertisementbedisclosedtotheonlineconsumerThroughtheyearstheFTChasissuednumerousguidelinesandpolicystatementsrequiringadvertis-ersandorpublisherstomakecertaindisclosurestoconsumerstopreventdeception.TheFTChasnothoweverissueddefinitivecomprehensiveguide-linesspecifictonativeadvertisements.Thusdivin-ingthelinebetweenlegalandillegalnativeadver-tisingpracticesrequiresananalysisoftheFTCsgenerallyapplicableprinciplesonconsumerdecep-tionaswellasthelimitedbutgrowingbodyofstatementsoractionsthattheFTChasmadeortak-eninthenativeadvertisingcontext.In1983theFTCarticulatedthegeneralruleforde-terminingwhetheranadvertisementisdeceptiveIftheadvertisementcontainsarepresentationomissionorpracticethatislikelytomisleadaconsumeractingreasonablyunderthecircum-stancesandIftherepresentationomissionorpracticeismaterialthatislikelytoaffecttheconsum-ersconductordecisionwithregardtoaprod-uctorservice.3Whileadvertisinghascertainlyevolvedsincetheearly1980sthesebedrockprinciplesfordetermin-ingdeceptionremainintactandprovidetheframe-workinwhichtheFTCActsprohibitiononcon-sumerdeceptionshouldbeinterpretedandapplied.InmorerecentyearstheFTChasencounteredsitu-ationsrequiringittooratleastprovidingapotentialcontextinwhichitcouldapplytheseprinciplestocertainaspectsofnativeadvertising.Forexamplein2010theFTCchargedapublicrelationsfirmwithengagingindeceptiveadvertisingbecauseitprovidedmisleadingonlineendorsementsofgamingappsdevelopedbyitsclient.Theallegedlydecep-tiveact-at-issuewasthePRfirmspracticeofusingitsemployeestopostfavorablereviewsofaclientsproductsinvariousonlineforawithoutdisclosingthatthereviewscamefrompaidemployeesworkingonbehalfofthedevelopers.Inotherwordsthere-viewswerepaidadvertisementsmasqueradingaseditorialnon-sponsoredcontent.TheFTCandthePRfirmsettledthecasepriortotheissuanceofaformalFTCdecision.NeverthelessthefactthattheFTCbroughttheactionindicatesattheveryleastthatsponsoredcontentwithoutanydisclosurewhat-soeverviolatestheFTCAct.4Whileclearlythetruenatureofsponsoredcontentmustbedisclosedthequestionstillremainsastohowclearorconspicuousadisclosuremustbetosuffice.InMarch2013theFTCprovidedfurtherguidancebyupdatingitsadvertisingdisclosureguidelinesformobileandonlineadvertisers.5Whiletheseupdatedguidelinesarenotspecifictonativeadvertisementstheydoprovidesomevaluableinsight.AsaninitialmattertheFTCclarifiedthatadvertisershavetheflexibilitytobecreativeindesigningtheiradsaslongasnecessaryinformationiscommunicatedef-fectivelyandtheoverallmessageconveyedtocon-sumersisnotmisleading.6TheFTCthenamongotherthingsprovidedcasestudiesandevaluatedwhetherparticularexamplesofdisclosuresandonlineadvertisementswerelikelytorunafouloftheFTCActsprohibitionondeceptiveadvertising.Forexampleperhapsharkeningbacktothe2010actionContinuedonPage10 8BankruptcyStayContinuedfromPage5thetrialjudgeisunavailableorthattherequestwasdeniedbythetrialjudge.3ADiscretionaryStayIsOnlyIssuedinExceptionalSituationsDiscretionarystaysarerare.Whilethepowertomaintainthestatusquopendingappealshouldal-waysbeexercisedwhenanyirremediableinjurymayresultfromtheeffectofthedecreeasren-dered...thispowershouldbesparinglyem-ployedandreservedfortheexceptionalsitua-tion.4Provinganexceptionalsituationwarrantingtheimpositionofastayisnotaneasytaskandre-quiresthesupportofadmissibleevidence.Themotionforstaypendingappealmustbeaccompa-niedbydeclarationsunderpenaltyofperjuryin-troducingtherelevantdocumentsandcourttran-scriptsoftherelevantproceedings.Simplyprovidingyouropinionasanattorneyforapartyastowhyitisimportantthatthematterbestayedisnotsufficient.TheFourWymerFactorsThatMustBeMettoObtainaStayThefourfactorsthatmustbeweighedbytheBankruptcyCourttodeterminewhethertograntadiscretionarystayare1whethertheappellantislikelytosucceedonappeal2whethertheappel-lantwillsufferirreparableinjury3whetheroth-erinterestedpartieswillbesubstantiallyharmedifthestayisissuedand4theeffectofthestayonthepublicinterest.5Whenaddressingthefirstfactorofthelikelihoodofsuccessonthemeritsoftheappealthestandardofreviewonappealshouldbetakenintoconsider-ation.Anabuseofdiscretionstandardappliesinmostappealsandisaveryhighstandardtomeet.Thisportionofthemotionforstaywilloftenbeextensiveandasthoroughlyresearchedasanap-pellantsopeningbrief.DenialofaRequestforStayisReviewedUnderTheAbuseofDiscretionStandardIfaBankruptcyCourtdeniesamotiontostaythecourtaddressingtheappealmayonlyreviewthedenialforanabuseofdiscretion.Itiswell-settledthatwherethelowerbankruptcycourtdeniesamotionforastaythereviewislimitedtowhetherthelowerbankruptcycourtabuseditsdiscretion.6Discretionwillbefoundtohavebeenabusedwhenthejudicialactionisarbitraryfancifulorunreasonablewhichisanotherwayofsayingthatdiscretionisabusedonlywherenoreasonablemanwouldtaketheviewadoptedbythetrialcourt.7InordertoevaluatewhetherornottheBankruptcyCourtabuseditsdiscretionthereviewingcourtmustevaluatethestaymotiononthesamegroundsastheBankruptcyCourtsevaluationofthestaymotion.Toallowotherwisewoulddistortthedelicatebalancebetweentrialandap-pellatelevelsanddenyrecognitionoftheirrespec-tiverolesalltothedetrimentofthejudicialsys-temandofthoseitserves.8Itis...importanttotheproperlyfunctioningbankruptcycourtthatthetrialjudgesrulingsonstayspendingappealbedisturbedonlyintheeventoferrororabuseofdis-cretion.9EstablishinganAdequateRecordintheBankruptcyCourtIsCriticalWithanabuseofdiscretionstandarditiscriticalthatthereviewingcourtbeprovidedanadequaterecordastothediscretionutilizedbytheBank-ruptcyCourtinadenialofamotionforstay.WithoutarecordbeforethereviewingcourtastothediscretionutilizedbytheBankruptcyCourtindenyingamotionthereviewingcourtcannotevenstartitsanalysisofthelowercourtsrulingasre-quiredbyBankruptcyRule8005.Withoutanadequaterecordofthediscretionuti-lizedbytheBankruptcyCourtindenyingamo-tionthereviewingcourtwillsummarilyaffirmtheBankruptcyCourtsruling.10ContinuedonPage13 9WaiversContinuedfromPage6AstheNinthCircuitputitafairtrialcannotbehadifthejurymustweighwithalltheotherevi-denceproandcontheoneoverwhelmingpieceofevidencethedefendantpleadedguilty.3FederalRuleofEvidence410andFederalRuleofCriminalProcedure11fRule410goesfurtherthanKerchevelandprovidesthatwithdrawnguiltypleasandstatementsmadeinpleanegotiationsarenotadmissibleagainstade-fendantexceptinaperjuryprosecutionorwherethedefendantoffersevidenceofthestatementsherself.4Rule11governsguiltypleasandprovidesthattheadmissibilityofwithdrawnguiltypleasisgovernedbyRule410.5Thuswithdrawnguiltypleasandstatementsbydefendantsortheirattorneysmadeinthepleanegotiationprocesswhetherornottheyleadtoguiltypleasarepresumptivelyinadmissibleagainstadefendantattrial.MezzanatoTheCourtWeighsInInUnitedStatesv.Mezzanoto6theCourtheldthatasuspectdefendantcanwaivetheprotectionsofRule410.7AfterhisarrestMezzanatoattemptedtoco-operatewiththegovernmentsinvestigationbymeetingwiththeprosecutor.InexchangefortheopportunitytocooperatetheprosecutordemandedthatMezzanatoagreethathisstatementscouldbeusedtoimpeachhimifheproceededtotrial.Mez-zanatoagreedanddiscussedthecrimewiththepros-ecutor.Thepartiesdidnotreachapleaagreement.Mezzanatotestifiedattrialwasimpeachedwithhispriorstatementsandconvicted.TheNinthCircuitreversedtheconvictionreasoningthatAdvisoryNotestoRule410reflectedCongres-sionalintentthattheprotectionsofEvidenceRule410cannotbewaived.8Rule410and11fweredesignedtopromotepleaagreementsbyencourag-ingfrankdiscussioninnegotiations....9Permit-tingwaiverwouldunderminethepleaprocess.10Furthertheserulesweredesignedtoprotectsus-pectsdefendantssothegovernmentshouldnotbepermittedtoextractwaivers.11TheNinthCircuitcitedcasesfromtheSecondandEighthCircuitsandWrightMillersFederalPracticeandProce-dure.12TheSupremeCourtdisagreedandheldthatthepro-tectionsofRules410and11fweresubjecttowaiverjustlikemosttrialrights.TheCourtfoundthatratherthanunderminingafairproceduretheadmissionofpleastatementsforimpeachmentpur-posesenhancesthetruth-seekingfunctionoftrialsandwillresultinmoreaccurateverdicts.13TheCourtalsoreachedthesuspectconclusionthatper-mittingwaiveractuallyencouragessettlementbe-causewithoutthewaiverprosecutorsmightbeun-willingtomeetwithsuspectsdefendantsinthecooperationcontext.14Finallythemerepoten-tialforabuseofprosecutorialbargainingpowerisaninsufficientbasisforforeclosingnegotiationalto-gether.15Threeconcurringjusticesnotedthatallowingsuchevidenceinthegovernmentscase-in-chiefratherthanlimitingittoimpeachmentevidencecouldac-tuallyundermineasuspectdefendantsincentivetonegotiateandinhibitpleabargaining.Theconcur-ringjusticesalsonotedthatthisissuewasnotpre-sentedbecausethegovernmentonlyofferedMezza-natosstatementsforimpeachmentpurposes.Tobeclearimpeachmentwaiversaredifferentthancase-in-chiefwaiversbecausetheyhelpprotectthejuryfromperjuredtestimonyandtherebyprotectjudicialintegrity.Case-in-chiefwaiversdonotsimilarlyprotectjudicialintegrityfromperjuredtestimonybecausetheevidenceisnotofferedinresponsetoallegedlyperjuredtestimony.StillmostappellatecourtshavenotlimitedMezzanatotoimpeachmentevidence.16Becausecourtsinterpretimpeachmentwaiversverybroadlyandadmitalotofevidencethatisnotstrictlyimpeachmentitsnotclearhowmuchdifferencetheissuemakes.17AsstatedaboveissuesconcerningRule410waiv-ersariseinatleastthreeseparatecontexts.BecausewaiversintheCooperationContextwereexplicit-lyendorsedbytheMezzanatoCourttheirenforcea-ContinuedonPage12 10NativeAdvertisingContinuedfromPage7involvingthePRfirmspaidendorsementsdecep-tivelymasqueradingasnon-sponsoredconsumerreviewstheFTCprovidedguidanceonhowtoproperlydiscloseonaspace-constrainedwebsitethatthepersonpostingarevieworcommentisapaidendorserfortheproductandthatconsumersshouldnotexpecttohavethesameexperienceasthepaidendorser.7TheFTChasalsoissuedguidanceregardinganotheriterationofnativeadvertisingi.e.theintegrationofpaid-forcontentinsearchengineresults.In2002theFTCsBureauofConsumerProtectionpublishedaletterrecommendingthatallsearchen-ginecompaniesreviewtheirwebsitestoensurethat1paidresultsaredistinguishedfromnon-paidre-sultswithclearandconspicuousdisclosures2theuseofpaidinclusioninasearchenginesindexisclearlyandconspicuouslydisclosedand3noaf-firmativestatementismadethatmightmisleadcon-sumersastothebasisonwhichasearchresultisgenerated.8Morerecentlyin2013theFTCrevisit-edtheissueinletterssenttogeneralpurposeandspecializedsearchengines.9InthoseletterstheFTCnotedamongotherthingsthatpaidsearchresultshadbecomelessdistinguishableasadvertisinges-peciallyforadvertisinglocatedimmediatelyabovethenaturalresultstopads.10SpecificallytheFTCrecommendedthatsearchenginesusemoreprominentshadingclearoutlinesandprominentbordersasmeanstodistinguishtopadsorotherpaidcontentfromthenaturalsearchresults.11TheFTCstatedthatinadditiontothesevisualdifferentiatorssearchenginesshouldalsoutilizeconspicuousandconsistenttextlabelsthatunambiguouslydifferenti-atebetweensponsoredandnon-sponsoredsearchresults.12Inadditiontoissuingtheabove-describedunfortunatelynarrowguidanceonafewaspectsofnativeadvertisingtheFTCalsoheldaworkshopinDecember2013tobroadentheFTCsunder-standingoftheissuessurroundingnativeadvertis-ing.13TothisendtheworkshopincludedavarietyofpresentationsfromindustrystakeholderslegalanalystsandFTCrepresentatives.Thecontentofthosepresentationsunderscoredtheuncertainterrainonwhichnativeadvertiserstread.Indeedwhileworkshopparticipantsgenerallyagreedthattrans-parencyanddisclosuresareimportanttheycontest-edthespecifics.Forexampleduringthepaneldis-cussionregardingbestpracticesforwrittendisclo-surespanelistsdisagreedabouttheappropriateter-minologytobeemployedsponsoredvs.presentedbyvs.FromAroundtheWebvs.YouMayAlsoEnjoyvs.othersandhowcon-sumersarelikelytounderstandcertainterms.14InclosingacknowledgingthecomplexityofissuinggeneralguidancethedirectoroftheBureauofCon-sumerProtectionstatedthatnativeadvertisingtakesmanyformsanditmaynotbepossibletocraftasin-gledefinitionorsolution.15TheFTChasyettoissuepoliciesasaresultoftheworkshopbuthasindicat-edthatnativeadvertisingissubjecttoenforcementbasedonexistinglaw.16UnwillingandunablefromapracticalstandpointtowaitfordefinitiveguidancefromtheFTCsomeindustrieshaveproactivelydevelopedtheirownguidelinesandbestpractices.17TheInteractiveAd-vertisingBureauIABhasdoneexactlythatde-claringthatforpaidnativeadunitsclarityandprominenceofthedisclosureisparamountidenti-fyingsixtypesofnativeadvertisementsandoffer-ingexamplesofdisclosurelanguagemostcommon-lyusedforeachtypeofad.18ForexampletheIABnotesthatpromotedlistingsi.e.adsofferinganadvertisersproductorshowcasingitsbrandinamanneridenticaltolistingsforotherproductsof-feredonthewebsitearetypicallydisclosedbywordssuchasAdsSponsoredProductsandProductAdsfromExternalWebsites.19Addition-allytheIABnotedthatinadditiontolanguageshadingorothervisualcuesassociatedwithnativeadsmanypublishersalsoincludeadditionaldisclo-surecuessuchasaseparateroll-overlinkusinglan-guagesuchasWhatsthistoprovidethecon-sumerwithadditionalinformationontheoriginofthecontentinthead.20Howeverbecauseoftherapidlyevolvingnativeadvertisinglandscapeandtheshiftingperceptionsofconsumerswhoarebe-comingmorefamiliarwithdifferenttypesofnativeadvertisingtheIABconcludedthatitisnotpossi-ContinuedonPage11 11NativeAdvertisingContinuedfromPage10bletorecommendasingleone-size-fits-alldisclo-suremechanism.21Withoutfurtherofficialguid-ancefromtheFTCmoreindustrygroupswilllikelyfollowsuitanddeveloptheirownbestpractices.TakeawaysWhilenativeadvertisingmaybeanattractiveoptiontoincreaserevenuebothforadvertisersandonlinecontentproviderssuchadvertisingbyitsveryna-turerisksdeceivingconsumersandrunningafouloftheFTCActaswellaspotentiallyotherlaws.Thusthoseengaginginorconsideringnativead-vertisingoughttoconsiderthatriskandtheuncer-tainregulatorylandscape.Tominimizetherisknativeadvertisersshouldensuretheyclearlyandconspicuouslydisclosethenatureoftheircontent.Ofcoursewhatthatmeansinpracticeisopentointerpretationandmayvarydependingonthemedi-umindustryandcontentoftheadvertisement.Evaluatingpossibledisclosurelanguageagainststandardsissuedbyindustrygroupsmayprovidesomefurtherinsightastocommonpractice.How-everwithoutfurtherregulatoryguidancethosestandardscannotbeconsideredthefinalwordonwhetheranyspecificdisclosureissufficient.Somefactorstoconsiderwhenevaluatingwhetheradis-closureissufficientlyclearandconspicuousinthecontextofnativeadvertisinginclude1.Theproximitybetweenthedisclosureandtheadvertisement2.Thefontcolorandsizeofthedisclosurewhencomparedtothenon-sponsoredcontent3.Theclarityofthelanguageusedtoidentifytheadvertisementlikesponsoredoradand4.Thedegreetowhichtheadvertisementisdis-tinguishablefromthesurroundingcontentforinstancebyusingshadingadifferentfontcol-orandabordertoseparateitfromtheothercontent.Inshortwhilenativeadvertisingmayopenupabravenewworldofpotentialrevenueadvertisersandpublishersshouldproceedcautiouslyonthisrelativelyuncertainterraintoensuretheyarenotthefirstboldexplorerstodiscoverexactlywheretheregulatoryandlegaldangerslie._____________________________________1PerryViscountyisapartnerandDavidTroutmanandBrianKollatzassociatesinLathamWatkinsOrangeCountyof-fice.JenniferL.BarryisapartnerinLathamWatkinsSanDiegooffice.TheviewsexpressedherearetheauthorsandnotthoseofLathamWatkinsitsclientsortheFBAOC.215U.S.C.45a1.3FTCPolicyStatementonDeceptionappendedtoCliffdaleAssociatesInc.103F.T.C.1101741984availableathttpwww.ftc.govftc-policy-statement-on-deception.4FTCPressReleasePublicRelationsFirmtoSettleFTCChargesthatitAdvertisedClientsGamingAppsThroughMisleadingOnlineEndorsementsAugust262010availableathttpwww.ftc.govnews-eventspress-releases201008public-relations-firm-settle-ftc-charges-it-advertised-clients.5FTC.comDisclosuresHowtoMakeEffectiveDisclosuresinDigitalAdvertisingMarch2013availableathttpbusiness.ftc.govdocumentsbus41-dot-com-disclosures-information-about-online-advertising.6Id.at7.7Id.at43-46.8FTCCommercialAlertResponseLetterJune272002availableathttpwww.ftc.govsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsclosing_letterscommercial-alert-response-lettercommercialalertletter.pdf.9Seee.g.FTCSampleLettertoGeneralPurposeSearchEnginesJune242013availableathttpwww.ftc.govsitesdefaultfilesattachmentspress-releasesftc-consumer-protection-staff-updates-agencys-guidance-search-engine-industryon-need-distinguish130625searchengine-generalletter.pdfFTCSampleLettertoSpecializedSearchEnginesJune242013availableathttpwww.ftc.govsitesdefaultfilesattachmentspress-releasesftc-consumer-protection-staff-updates-agencys-guidance-search-engine-industryon-need-distinguish130625searchenginespecial-izedletter.pdf.10FTCSampleLettertoGeneralPurposeSearchEnginesJune242013at1-2availableathttpwww.ftc.govsitesdefaultfilesattachmentspress-releasesftc-consumer-protection-staff-updates-agencys-guidance-search-engine-industryon-need-distinguish130625searchenginegeneral-letter.pdf.11Id.at3.12Id.at3-4.EndnotescontinuedatPage14 12WaiversContinuedfromPage9bilityisnotsubjecttoproductivedebate.Howev-erwaiversintheUnconsummated-PleaContextandtheWithdrawn-PleaContexthavenotbeenexpresslyendorsedbycourtsandtherearegoodreasonsnottoenforcethem.18UnconsummatedPleaAgreementsProsecutorsoftenwriteintopleaagreementsthatuponsigningdefendantswaivetheprotectionsofRule410andRule11f.Butnotalldefendantsthatsignpleaagreementsenduppleadingguilty.Thissitua-tionfacedtheEighthCircuitinUnitedStatesv.Wash-burn.19TherethedefendantsignedapleaagreementthatwaivedRule410protectionsbutneverenteredaguiltypleaandinsteadproceededtotrial.Thewrittenfactualba-sisinthepleaagreementwasofferedagainsthimattrialandhewasconvicted.TheEighthCircuitaffirmed.Be-causetherewasnoevidencetheagreementwasenteredunknowinglyorinvol-untarilythepleaagreementwasacontractthatwaseffectivewhensigned.Adialoguebe-tweenthedistrictcourtandthedefendantregard-ingtheknowingandvoluntarynatureofapleaagreementthatusuallyoccursatachangeofpleahearingisnotaprerequisiteforavalidwaiverofaparticularright.20ButRule11hearingsaresolemnproceedingsde-signedtoensurethatguiltypleasareknowingvoluntaryandhaveasufficientfactualbasis.21Itisbecauseofthesolemnnatureoftheadmissionsinachange-of-pleahearingthataguiltypleawaivesclaimsforallconstitutionalclaimsthatarosebe-foretheguiltyplea.22MoreoveritwasimportanttotheMezzanatoCourtthatpermittingRule410waiversintheCooperationContextfurtheredaccuratefactfinding.23Thatmakessensewhenyouareim-peachingadefendantwithherownwords.Butpleaagreementsandtheirfactualbasesarewrit-tenbyprosecutors.Asforthedefendantnumer-ousfactorsbeyondtruthmaygointothedecisiontopleadguiltye.g.fearofevengreaterpunish-mentthefinancialandemotionalcostoftrialloy-altytoorfearofothersetc.ARule11pleacollo-quyisdesignedtoensurethepleaanditsfactualbasisisbasedonthetruthandnotsomethingelse.AnyfederalpleathatdoesnotsurvivethescrutinyofaRule11pleacolloquyissuspect.Adefendantshouldnotbeboundbytheprovisionsofapleaagree-mentuntilafteradistrictcourthasfoundthatitisknowingvoluntaryandbasedonanadequatefounda-tion.Andthiscanonlybedoneafterhearingthede-fendantssolemntestimonyinopencourtataRule11hearing.24Finallyallowingsuchwaiv-ersunnecessarilyencouragesconflictsbetweendefendantsandtheircounsel.MezzanatomakesclearthatRule410waiversarenotenforce-ableunlesstheyareknowingandvoluntary.Whereapleaagreementissignedbutthedefend-antbacksoutofthedealthereareoftenonlytwowitnessestowhethertheRule410waiverwasknowinglyandvoluntarythedefendantandhisorherlawyer.Ifthedefendantclaimsthewaiverwasnotknowingandvoluntarytherewillalmostcertainlybeaconflictbetweenthedefendantandthelawyerwhosignedtheagreementandattestedthatitwasknowingandvoluntary.Therulesofevidenceandcriminalprocedureshouldnotbeinterpretedtoencouragesuchconflicts.WithdrawnGuiltyPleasEnforcingRule410waiversforactualguiltypleasthatthedistrictcourtpermitstobewithdrawnrais-esdifferentissues.InthesecasesthewaiverisContinuedonPage17Thewaiverthatpermitsadmissionofthewithdrawnpleasfactualbasischeapensthegrantoftherighttotrialbecausethegovernmentcanusethesupposedlywithdrawnadmissionstoproveitscase. 13BankruptcyStayContinuedfromPage8IfyourmotionforstaywaspresentedorallytotheBankruptcyCourtitisimportantthattheBank-ruptcyJudgebepromptedtosetarecordastothebasisofanydenialofamotionforstay.Itisyourjobtoprovidethereviewingcourtwithanade-quaterecordthereforeitisuptoyoutomakesurethatsuchanadequaterecordismade.AnoralmotiontotheBankruptcyCourtforastaypendingappealatthehearingwhereintherulingwhichyouintendtoappealisrenderedisaccepta-ble.HoweversuchanoralmotionmustprovidetheBankruptcyCourtwithadmissibleevidenceexplaininghowthefourWymerfactorshavebeensatisfied.Referencestotheevidencealreadyad-mittedintotheBankruptcyCourtsrecordcanbemade.Itisrarethatallofthenec-essaryevidenceisalreadyintherecordandoralmotionsareoftendeniedwithoutprejudicesoastoallowthepartytocomebackwithawrittenmotionsupportedbyev-idence.InlightofthisyoushouldnotsimplystandupandasktheBank-ruptcyJudgeWillyougrantastaypendingappealYourinad-equaterequestwillbeproperlyandsummarilydeniedandasex-plainedbelowsuchadenialwillbeaffirmedbythereviewingcourtbecausethereisnorecordastothediscretionutilizedbytheBankruptcyJudgeintheruling.EmergencyRequestforaStayMustPro-videEvidenceoftheBasisfortheEmer-gency.Ifthestayissoughtonanemergencybasistherulesrequirethatareasonorexplanationastowhythismattermustbeaddressedonanemergencybasisisrequired.Anaffidavitstatinganyreasonorexplanationfortheallegedemergencyisre-quiredbyBankruptcyRule8011d.Thedeclara-tionmustprovideanexplanationastowhatemergencyexistswarrantingthattherequestbeaddressedonanemergencybasisunderBankrupt-cyRule8011dinsteadofthenormalproceduresunderBankruptcyRule8011a.ABondPendingAppealMayBeNeces-sary.BankruptcyRule8005providesthatthefilingofabondorothersecuritymaybeaconditionforthegrantingofastaypendingappeal.Theexacttermsofsuchconditionsareusuallyupfornegotiationandcompromise.Bepreparedatthetimeofthehearingontheinitialrequestforastaytobespe-cificwithregardstothetypeofbondorsecurityyourclientiswillingandabletoprovide.SummaryofImportantPointsYourmotionforastaypendingappealshouldbebroughtfirsttotheBankruptcyCourtandprovideadmissibleevidenceinsupportofthefourfactorsstatedintheWymercase.BesuretorequestanexplanationfromtheBankruptcyJudgeastothebasisforanydenialofyourmotionsoastoprovidethereviewingcourtwitharecord.Thereviewingcourtmusthaveanade-quaterecordtomakeadetermina-tionastowhetherthedenialofthestaybytheBankruptcyJudgewasanabuseofdiscretion.YourmotionforastayfiledwiththereviewingcourtshouldprovideadmissibleevidenceprovingthatthematterwasbroughttotheBankruptcyCourtfirstandarecordofthediscretionutilizedbytheBankruptcyCourtindenyingthemotionforstay.InmostinstancestherequiredevidencewillbeatranscriptoftheBankruptcyCourthearingonyourmotionforstayandanyrelatedpostedtenta-tiverulings.Inverylimitedcircumstancesthemotioncanbebroughttothereviewingcourtfirstbutsuchamo-tionmustprovideagoodexplanationastowhythenormalprocedureofbringingitfirsttotheBankruptcyCourtwasnotfollowed.IfthemotionContinuedonPage14IfyoudonotatleastseekastayyourappealofanunfavorableBankruptcyCourtorderwillberenderedmoot. 14BankruptcyStayContinuedfromPage13isbroughtonanemergencybasisanexplanationastowhattheemergencyismustbeprovided.Bothoftheseexplanationsmustbeprovidedinadeclarationunderpenaltyofperjury.Yourclientmayberequiredtoprovideabondorothersecuritytogetthestayandyoushouldbepreparedforthatrequirementwithtermsthatyourclientisabletoaccept.______________________________________1KathleenJ.McCarthypracticesBankruptcylawattheLawOfficesofThomasK.Casey.TheviewsexpressedherearetheauthorsandnotthoseoftheLawOfficesofThomasK.CaseyitsclientsortheFBAOC.2SeeRevOpGroupSternbergEnterprisesProfitSharingPlanv.MLManagerLLCInreMortgagesLtd.2014WL5859300November132014.3InreWymer5B.R.802807B.A.P.9thCir.1980.4Wymer5B.R.at806.5Wymer5B.R.at806.6Seee.g.Wymer5B.R.at807InreNorthPlazaLLC395B.R.113119S.D.Cal.2008InreIrwin338B.R.839847E.D.Cal.2006UniversalLifeChurchv.UnitedStates191B.R.433444E.D.Cal.1995InreOhanian338B.R.839844E.D.Cal.2006InreHassanImportsPartnership2013WL6384647C.D.Cal.2013.7Irwin338B.R.at848seealsoWymer5B.R.at807.8Wymer5B.R.at808.9Id.10InreNorthPlaza395B.R.113119fn.5Bankr.S.D.Cal.2008implicitinRule8005isarequirementthatthemovingpartyprovidearecordofthebankruptcycourtsactions.NativeAdvertisingContinuedfromPage11________________________13FTCWorkshopBlurredLinesAdvertisingorCon-tenttranscriptavailableathttpwww.ftc.govsystemfilesdocumentspublic_events171321final_transcript_1.pdf.14Id.at235-42.15Id.at297.16Id.at300.17Seee.g.AmericanSocietyofMagazineEditorsASMEGuidelinesforEditorsandPublishersupdatedMay2014availableathttpwww.magazine.orgasmeeditorial-guidelinesInteractiveAdvertisingBureauIABNativeAd-vertisingPlaybookDec.42013availableathttpwww.iab.netmediafileIAB-Native-Advertising-Playbook2.pdf.18InteractiveAdvertisingBureauIABNativeAdvertisingPlaybookDec.42013at15availableathttpwww.iab.netmediafileIAB-Native-Advertising-Playbook2.pdf.19Id.at13.20Id.at18.21Id.at16. 15JudgeDouglasF.McCormickwassworninasaUnitedStatesMagistrateJudgefortheUnitedStatesDistrictCourtfortheCentralDistrictofCaliforniaonAugust232013.HesitsintheCourtsSouthernDivisionlocatedintheRonaldReaganFederalBuildingandUnitedStatesCourt-houseinSantaAnaOrangeCounty.JudgeMcCormickcomestothebenchafterserv-ingasanAssistantU.S.AttorneyAUSAintheUnitedStatesAttorneysSantaAnaofficefrom2001to2013.HewasnamedDeputyChiefofthatofficein2007andservedinthatroleuntilhisde-parture.BeforejoiningtheU.S.AttorneysOfficeheworkedasanassociateatLathamWatkinsinOrangeCounty.JudgeMcCormickalsoservedasalawclerktotheHonorableCharlesE.WigginsoftheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheNinthCircuitfrom1996to1997andtotheHonorableGaryL.TayloroftheU.S.DistrictCourtfortheCentralDistrictofCaliforniafrom1995to1996.Here-ceivedhisB.A.in1991fromtheUniversityofCaliforniaIrvinegraduatingmagnacumlaudeandPhiBetaKappaandhisJ.D.in1995fromtheUCLASchoolofLawwherehewasamemberoftheOrderoftheCoif.WesatdownwithJudgeMcCormickforlunchtoaskhimafewquestionsabouthistransitiontothebenchhistasksasamagistratejudgeintheCen-tralDistrictofCaliforniahiscareerandhishob-biesoutsideofwork.WhendidyoudecideyouwantedtobecomeajudgeandwhyIfirstgaveseriousconsiderationtoapplyingforthemagistratejudgepositionaboutthreeorfouryearsago.IknewthattherewouldbeanumberofmagistratejudgeshipsopeninguphereinSantaAnainthenext5to7yearsandIthoughtthejobwouldbeagoodfitforme.ItwasatremendoushonortobeselectedparticularlybecausesomeofthepeoplewhoselectedmewerethejudgesinfrontofwhomIhadappeareddailyforalmost13years.Tellusalittleaboutyourday-to-dayresponsibili-tiesasamagistratejudge.Theday-to-daydutiesrevolvearoundfiveprimaryresponsibilities.ThefirstiswhattheCourtcalls194caseswhichreferstothenumberofthelong-sincesupersededGeneralOrderthatdeline-atestheresponsibilitiesofmagistratejudgesintheCentralDistrict.Theprimary194casesarenon-deathpenaltyhabeascasesprosecivilrightscas-esandSocialSecuritydisabilityappeals.SecondContinuedonPage16QAMagistrateJudgeDouglasF.McCormickBySamrahMahmoudandBrentWestcott 16MagistrateMcCormickcontdfromPage15IspendseveraldayseachmonthastheCourtscriminaldutyjudgehereinSantaAnawhichmeansthatIspendsomeorallofthedayhandlingcriminalmatterslikesearchwarrantspenregisterapplicationsarraignmentsandbaildetentionhearings.Thirdinnon-194civilcasesIhandlealldiscoverymotionswherereferredbythepre-sidingdistrictjudge.Fourththemagistratejudgesareavailabletoconductsettlementconferencesincivilcases.Thosearetypicallyhalf-dayorall-dayaffairsthatconsumeagreatdealofenergyespe-ciallywherethecaseinvolvesemotionally-chargedorlegallycomplexissues.Finallypartiesincivilcasescanconsenttomagistratejudgejuris-dictionandessentiallyelecttohavemeserveastheirtrialjudgeforallpurposes.Isthereapartofthejobyoufindmostinterest-ingIlikethediversityofthejob.Nodayiseverex-actlythesamebecauseofthemixofvariousre-sponsibilities.Youmightspendthemorningfi-nalizingahabeasreportandrecommendationandthenturntopreparingfortomorrowssettlementconferencebeforespendingtheafternoonhandlingthedutycalendar.Youspenttimeasbothafederalprosecutorandaprivatepractitionerbeforeyourappointmenttothebench.HowhasyourbackgroundservedyouasajudgeAsajudgewhohandlesbothcivilandcriminalcasesIhopethatmyexperienceasbothacivilandcriminallawyerservesmewell.IdofeelthatIdrawregularlyonmyownexperiencesasatriallawyerinseveraldifferentrespects.Forexamplebeingsomeonewhotriedcriminalcasesmayhelpmeassessthemeritsofahabeasclaimwheretheissuemaybewhetheraparticularlegalerrorisprejudicial.Ifeelthatmyexperiencetryingcaseshelpsmeseparatethewheatfromthechaffalittlebetter.Asforspecificsasignificantpartofwhatmagis-tratejudgesdointhisdistrictisratherlikeappel-lateworktheSocialSecuritydisabilityappealsandthehabeascasesinparticular.IfeelfortunatethatasanAUSAIalwaysenjoyedhandlingmyownappealsandeventookonextraappellateas-signmentsthroughoutmycareer.WhathasbeenthebiggestchallengeadjustingtolifeasajudgeEvenaftermorethanayearIstillamlearninghowtousethelawyerswhoworkforme.AsanAUSAmostofthetimeyouareactingasaone-lawyershowandyoudoitallfactinvestigationresearchingwritingediting.Youareitandforthemostpartthereisntsomeoneelsetowhomyoucandelegate.NowasamagistratejudgeIhavelawclerksandstaffattorneyswhoareveryableandgoodatwhattheydo.Irelyonthemtonotonlydolegalre-searchbutalsotomasterwhatinsomeinstancesisavoluminousfactualrecord.Butithasbeenanadjustmenttolearnhowtogiveupsomeoftheresearchanddraftingtasksasopposedtodoingthemmyself.WhathasbeenthehighlightofyourlegalcareersofarMostofmytimeasanAssistantUnitedStatesAt-torneywasonebighighlight.Icantsayenoughaboutwhatawonderfulopportunitythatjobwas.WhatwasyourfavoritepartofbeinganAUSAIamahugeadvocateoftheU.S.AttorneysOfficeasaboosterrocketforalawyerscareerdevelop-ment.Formeitwasagreatbalanceoftrialadvo-cacyandothersubstantivework.AboutsixmonthsafterIstartedintheofficeIwastryingabankrobberytrialbymyselfinfrontofJudgeCarter.SixmonthsafterthatIwasco-tryingacomplexwhite-collartrial.Iwasabletoworkonallaspectsofthesecasesfrompre-trialmotionstotryingthecaseinfrontofajurytoarguingappealsinfrontoftheNinthCircuit.Ithinkitsdifficulttogetthosesamekindsofopportunitiesasanas-sociateinprivatepractice.ContinuedonPage18 17WaiversContinuedfromPage12takenafteraRule11hearingandgenerallyresultsinaknowingandvoluntarypleathatissupportedbyanadequatefactualbasis.InUnitedStatesv.Mitchell24thedefendantspleaagreementex-presslywaivedtheprotectionsofRule410intheeventhewaslaterabletowithdrawhisguiltyplea.Thedefendantsucceededinwithdrawinghisguiltypleaandproceededtotrial.Attrialstate-mentsfromthepleaagreementandpleacolloquywereusedextensivelyinthegovernmentscase-in-chiefandthedefendantwasconvicted.Onap-pealtheTenthCircuitfocusedonwhetherthegovernmentcouldusesuchevidenceinitscase-in-chiefandconcludeditcould.ThecourtreasonedthattheMezzanatoCourtspecificallyfoundRule410protectionscanbewaivedandtherewasnoevidencethatthesuspectdefendantswaiverwasnotknowingandvoluntary.Butguiltypleasinvolvethewaiverofamyriadofrightsincludingamongotherstherighttopleadnotguiltytheprivilegeagainstself-incriminationandtherighttoconfrontaccusers.Thefactthatarightcanbewaivedisnottheissue.Whenapleaiswithdrawnallofthesevalidlywaivedrightsarerestoredandthedefendanthastherighttoajurytrialarightthatwaswaivedtocrossexaminewitnessesarightthatwaswaivedandtherighttorequirethegovernmenttoproveitscasebeyondareasonabledoubtanotherrightthatwaswaived.PresumablythewaiverofRule410sprotectionsisnotrestoredbecauseitsprotectionswerespecificallywaivedinadvanceasalloftheaforementionedrightswerealsowaived.Andthewaiverthatpermitsadmissionofthewithdrawnpleasfactualbasischeapensthegrantoftherighttotrialbecausethegovernmentcanusethesup-posedlywithdrawnadmissionstoproveitscase.AstheKerchevelCourtstatedTheeffectofthecourtsorderpermittingthewithdrawalwastoad-judgethatthepleaofguiltybeheldfornaught.Itssubsequentuseasevidenceagainstpetitionerwasindirectconflictwiththatdetermination.26SummaryMezzanatowasclearthattheprotectionsofRules410and11fcanbewaived.ThismakessenseintheCooperationContextbecausethegovern-mentisusingasuspectdefendantsownwordsagainsthimorher.ButfederalappellatecourtshavebeentooquicktoextendthosewaiverstotheUnconsummated-PleaandWithdrawn-PleaContexts.TheUnconsummated-PleaContextinvolvesadocumentdraftedbyafederalprosecutoruponwhichadefendantissupposedtobethoroughlyexaminedinopencourtbyafederaljudgeinaRule11hearingbeforeitcanbereliedupon.WithoutaRule11hearingadmissionsinapleaagreementareinsufficientlyreliabletobetrusted.TheWithdrawn-PleaContextinvolvesadefend-antwhohasbeenre-giventherighttoatrial.Butthatrightislimitedorevennullifiedbyadmittingthewithdrawnpleaagreement.Suchwaiversshouldnotbeadmissibleagainstdefendants--astheFederalRulesdraftersintended.ForthesereasonsRule410and11fwaivershavenoplaceincriminalpleaagreements.______________________________________1KennethM.MillerisaPartnerwithBienertMillerKatzmanPLC.TheviewsexpressedherearetheauthorsandnotthoseofBienertMillerKatzmanitsclientsortheFBAOC.2274U.S.220223-241927.3Standonv.Whitley994F.2d141714229thCir.1993.4SeeFed.R.Evid.410b.5SeeFed.R.Crim.P.11f.6513U.S.1961995.7Id.at197.TwodissentingjusticesagreedwiththeNinthCircuitthatweareboundtorespecttheintentthattheAd-visoryCommitteesNotestothecongressionallyenactedRulesreveal.Id.at213SouterJ.dissenting.Becauseofthegovernmentsvastlygreaterbargainingpowerinthepleanegotiationsthemajorityruling...willrendertheRuleslargelydeadletters....Id.at211SouterJ.dissenting.8UnitedStatesv.Mezzanato998F.2d145214559thCir.1993.9Id.at1454.10Id.at1455.11Id.at1456.12Id.at1454-55.EndnotescontinuedonPage18 18WaiversContinuedfromPage17_________________________13513U.S.at204-05.14Id.at207.Theconclusionissuspectbecauseprosecutorswhowanttomakecasesagainstotherbadguyshavenothingtolosebymeetingwithsuspectswhowanttogivethemin-formationonotherbadguys.15Id.at210.16Seee.g.UnitedStatesv.Mitchell633F.3d99710thCir.2011Rule410waiverincourt-acceptedpleaagree-mentisenforceableafterdefendantsuccessfullywithdrawsfromtheplea.Evidenceadmissibleingovernmentscase-in-chiefUnitedStatesv.Sylvester583F.3d2855thCir.2009AftersigningaRule410waiverandconfessingde-fendantproceededtotrialwhereconfessionwasusedingov-ernmentscase-in-chief.CourtfoundnoreasontolimitMezzanattotorebuttalwaiversUnitedStatesv.Burch156F.3d1315D.C.Cir.1998Rule410waiverincourt-acceptedpleaagreementwherepleacolloquyspecificallycoveredRule410waiverisenforceableafterdefendantwithdrawspleaandevidenceisadmittedingovernmentscase-in-chief.17Seee.g.UnitedStatesv.Hardwick544F.3d565570-713dCir.2008expansiveimpeachmentwaivertriggeredbycounselscrossexaminationofgovernmentwitnessevenwheredefendantdidnottestify.18WhereapleaagreementisrejectedbythedistrictcourtataRule11hearinganyRule410waiverispresumablynotknowingandvoluntaryasitwasenteredpursuanttoaninva-lidpleaagreement.BecauseRule11isdesignedtoprotectdefendantsitwouldbeacruelironyifthoseprotectionsprecludedaguiltypleabutpermittedtheadmissionofthefactualbasisforarejectedguiltypleathatwouldlikelycausethedefendantsconviction.19728F.3d7758thCir.2013.20Id.at781-82citingUnitedStatesv.Michelson141F.3d8678718thCir.1998.21SeeFed.R.Cr.P.11bandAdvisoryNotes1966Thefairnessandadequacyoftheproceduresonacceptanceforpleasofguiltyareofvitalimportanceinaccordingequaljusticetoallinthefederalcourts.SeealsoBlackledgev.Allison431U.S.63741977Solemndeclarationsinopencourtcarryastrongpresumptionofverity..22SeeTollettv.Henderson411U.S.2581973.23Mezzanato513U.S.at204Theadmissionofpleastate-mentsforimpeachmentpurposesenhancesthetruth-seekingfunctionoftrialsandwillresultinmoreaccurateverdicts.emphasisinoriginal.24SeeUnitedStatesv.Alvarez-Tautimez160F.3d5735769thCir.1998Unlessanduntilacourtacceptsaguiltypleaadefendantisfreetorenegeonapromisetosoplead.citationsomitted.25633F.3d99710thCir.2011.26274U.S.at224.MagistrateMcCormickContdfromPage16_____________________IalsoworkedwithsomefantasticpeoplewhowerenotonlyfuntoworkwithbutareterrificlawyerscommittedtoservingthepeopleofOr-angeCounty.Ialsoreallyenjoyedworkingwithmanydedicatedandtalentedfederallawenforce-mentagents.Itwasverysatisfyingtoworkasateamwithoneormoreagentstomapoutaninves-tigativeplanthatwouldthenleadtoanindictmentandeventuallyaconviction.YouvespentmostofyouradultlifeinSouthernCalifornia.DidyougrowuphereWhatdoyoulikemostabouttheareaIgraduatedfromhighschoolinthehighdesertofSanBernardinoCounty.FromthereIwenttoUCIrvineandbecameanOrangeCountyconvert.ImetmywifeMelissaduringlawschoolandwenowliveinherhometownhereinOrangeCounty.WheneverIvisitalmostanyotherpartofthecountryitishardnottoappreciatehowluckywehaveithereawonderfulsettingadynamicbusi-nessatmosphereandaterrificlocallegalcommu-nity.WhataresomeofyourhobbiesoutsideofworkAndwehearyoulikegolfinghaveyoueverhadahole-in-oneMywifeandIhavethreechildrenundertheageof6somyhobbyhourshavegottenveryshort.Irun4or5daysaweek.IstillplaygolfwhenIcanfindthetimewhichisntveryoftenasmyrisinghandicapindexwillattest.Ihaveovermy30yearsofplayinggolfbeenawitnessto3holes-in-one.Neveroneofmyownhowever.________________________1SamrahMahmoudandBrentWestcottareassociateattor-neysattheOrangeCountyofficeofCrowellMoring. 19InMemoriamHon.AlicemarieH.Stotler 20RonaldReaganFederalBuildingandUnitedStatesCourthouseSantaAnaCalifornia